Why is testing polymer ageing under UV-C essential?

Unlike UV-A (315-400 nm) and UV-B (280-315 nm), which originate from the sun and are well known for aging materials, UV-C does not occur naturally on Earth. Their much higher photon energy causes molecular degradation on the surface, directly affecting the optical and aesthetic performance of plastics. These alterations, even when they remain superficial, can degrade the perceived quality, safety of use or even regulatory compliance of the final product. The main effects observed when exposed to UV-C are:

• Yellowing or discoloration of transparent or tinted plastics, altering their visual appearance.
• Loss of transparency (opacification), problematic in optical or medical applications.
• Surface cracks or micro-deterioration, with a potential impact on hygiene or chemical resistance.
• Ageing varies from one polymer to another, and is difficult to anticipate without specific tests.

It is therefore essential to test the durability of polymer materials under UV-C to guarantee product robustness under real-life conditions.

PISÉO: a complete test solution for UV-C aging of polymer materials

PISÉO has developed an experimental test bench dedicated to the controlled simulation of UV-C aging. This device provides reliable, reproducible data on the resistance of polymers exposed to realistic doses of UV-C radiation. Main features of the test bench:

• Homogeneous irradiation provided by high-performance UV-C LEDs distributed on several sides within a reflective cavity.
• Precise irradiance control, adjustable from 1 to 100 W/m², depending on the desired test duration and target dose. Tests can be configured to simulate different exposures.
• Laboratory reproduction of the dose received according to a defined mission profile, enabling the test to be condensed to a controlled duration (e.g.: 10 exposures per day, 300 days per year, over 100 hours).
• Comparative analysis before/after irradiation, with unexposed control samples. Colorimetric measurement of optical drift (?E2000), a normative indicator of perceived variation (CIELAB space).

The PISÉO UV-C test rig and associated colorimetric measurement device are illustrated below.

All tests are carried out under controlled environmental conditions, ensuring high reliability and reproducibility of results.

Polymers tested, trends identified

In its tests, PISÉO analyzed the resistance of several families of polymers used in medical, optical and industrial applications:

These results help manufacturers objectively guide their material choices and adapt them to real-world usage constraints, particularly when aesthetics or transparency are key criteria.

Are you developing a product to be exposed to UV-C? Would you like to validate your materials or compare different formulations? Are you planning to integrate a UV-C sterilization process into your equipment? Contact the experts at PISÉO today to benefit from high-quality, tailor-made support. You’ll have access to reliable, comparable data that can be used directly for your specific applications.

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• Automotive: signage, dashboards and display screens, pictograms, light lines, etc.
• Aeronautics: cockpit and cabins…
• Lighting: compliance with regulatory requirements for visual comfort in workspaces, tunnels, etc.
• Advertising spaces: reduction of light pollution…
• Medical devices and consumer goods: quality of HMIs and screens…

Our test engineers perform luminance measurements daily, providing unrivaled expertise to ensure accurate and reliable results. Our photometry laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art devices to evaluate luminance with remarkable precision.
Luminance is a measure of the perceived brightness of a surface or light source as seen by an observer. It is a physical parameter that characterizes the intensity of light emitted, reflected, or transmitted by a surface in a given direction. Luminance is often expressed in candela per square meter (cd/m²) and is closely related to light intensity but also takes into account the apparent area of the source or surface.
In simpler terms, luminance is what our eyes perceive as the brightness of a surface or light source. It depends on both the amount of light emitted by the source or reflected by the surface and on how this light is distributed in our field of vision

Luminance mapping

Our testing equipment allows us to produce precise maps of the luminance of scenes and luminous surfaces. These maps, interpreted by our test engineers, provide valuable information to ensure the visual comfort of users and the perceived quality of the products.

Produced using a video luminance meter, the luminance maps provide the following characteristics present in the camera’s field of view:

• Point luminance

• Average, maximum, and minimum luminance of an area of the scene or mapped surface

• Uniformity of luminance to account for the luminous homogeneity of a surface • Contrast to distinguish details. This characteristic is, for example, used to determine the performance of visualization systems such as AR and VR masks.

Laboratory and on-site measurements

Luminance measurements can be carried out on products within the PISÉO laboratory, as well as on site, in offices, workshops, on roads, or even in tunnels. These measurements largely depend on the characteristics of the products tested and the scenes present in the visual field. To ensure the quality of luminance measurements, PISÉO test engineers implement rigorous and specific test protocols adapted to customer needs and precise measurement equipment.

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There are different versions of endoscopes, ranging from rigid “boroscopes” to pliable “flexoscopes”, as well as “fiberscopes” which are comprised of a flexible bundle of optical fibers.

The emergence of miniaturized cameras has transformed the nature of endoscopes, which were once only optical but have now become videoscopes which also integrate a lighting solution.

PISÉO, an innovation platform in optics-photonics, provides characterization services for endoscopes that embed cameras – and more particularly, medical endoscopes. The tests carried out by PISÉO, which are done fully independently, are recognized and based on international standards. PISÉO’s tests make it possible to demonstrate regulatory compliance of tested devices, as well as to obtain certifications – for example, CE certification or FDA approval for the American market.

Measuring and analysis equipment for endoscopes

The PISÉO optical imaging laboratory is equipped with all of the equipment necessary to carry out the measurements mentioned above. The following list provides an overview:

• Image quality analysis software IMATEST v22.1
• Standard sights produced according to the ISO 12233 standard, or following a specific protocol defined with our client
• IMATEST light sources with luminance uniformity greater than 90%, in the visible range (color temperature 3100K)
• Binder climatic chamber, reference MK115

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Thereby, these results allow you to check the performance of your products in accordance with regulatory requirements, as well as to stress their value.

Photometric measurements

Goniophotometry measurements allow to characterize the shape of the beam of a source or a light system in 3D.

Based on measurements of light intensity as a function of the angle, these measurements are particularly useful for predicting the illuminations of any illuminated surface and preventing glare (ULR).

The data is recorded in a file of IES or LDT type and can be directly used by lighting simulation software such as Dialux or Relux.

Moreover, these measurements are realized under COFRAC (scope available on www.cofrac.fr.) accreditation according to internationally recognized standards: NF EN 13032-1, NF EN 13032-4, CIE S025 and LM 79.

Through these measures, we can provide you with accredited reports containing the following characteristics:

• Total luminous flux (lumens)
• Intensities (candelas – cd)
• Intensity distribution: IES or LDT files
• Light emission spectrum (300nm to 11100nm)
• Colorimetric data in the axis: chromaticity coordinates (x, y), Correlated Color Temperature (CCT), Color Rendering Index (CRI), TM-30 (Rg, Rf)
• UGR tables (glare)
• Total system power consumption (W)
• Luminous efficacy (lumens / W)
• Power factor
• Energy efficiency class *
• Total Harmonic Distorsion (THD) rate *

* services provided without accreditation

Goniophotometry equipments

• Gonio-photometer LMT GO DS 2 000 with far-field C-type mirror
• Yokogawa WT 3000 puissancemeter
• Instrument Systems CAS140CT (360nm-830nm) and CAS140D (300nm-1100nm) spectrophotometers

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All ADAS systems mix sensors of different technologies, ranging from ultrasonic proximity detectors for parking assistance to blind-spot RADAR detectors and even LiDAR for the detection of obstacles in front of the vehicle. Moreover, camera-based ADAS sensors, such as the front camera system, provide a 360° view around the vehicle – and when installed inside the cabin, such as DMS and OMS, provide information on the driver’s state of alertness, the number of occupants, and whether their seat belts are properly fastened. To complement the camera-based ADAS systems, electronic rearview mirrors, or e-mirrors, offer the driver a better view of the outside environment from the cabin. These systems (also called CMS or SRVM according to car manufacturers) consist of a monitor in addition to a camera to present a field of observation to the driver in the best conditions.

Additionally, some ADAS sensors with cameras are being considered for installation in aircraft.

In all cases, these systems contribute to increasing the level of active and passive safety of a vehicle, and must ensure reliable and repeatable detection or measurement of their environment, in all conditions of use. They also must meet regulatory requirements and applicable standards.

To guarantee a high level of performance in increasingly broad uses, the needs for characterizing the performance of these systems are increasing.

PISÉO, an innovation and expertise center in optics and photonics, offers characterization services in our laboratory for ADAS systems that embed cameras.

Front camera system

• The “front camera” system is a device which is positioned behind the windshield, at the level of the interior mirror. It observes the space in front of the vehicle to read road signs such as speed limit, no overtaking, or end of construction. This system also makes it possible to provide information at night to the adaptive high-beam management system, by detecting entry into a built-up area and the presence of other vehicles coming in the opposite direction (or traveling in the same direction) in order to lower the headlight beams so as not to distract other drivers. Moreover, the front camera system can also detect lane markings to warn the driver of an unintentional crossing of a solid or dotted line. Finally, the system allows the detection of an obstacle which may appear in front of the vehicle, such as a pedestrian emerging from a line of vehicles parked alongside the road.

The tests and characteristics measured for these systems are described below. Some of the tests are performed in the visible and near IR ranges:

• • System field of view (FOV): controls the observation and detection space of the system.
• • Spatial resolution of the system: allows for measuring the spatial resolution of the system – that is to say, to determine the dimensions of the smallest object detectable by the system. This measurement is done through the measurement of the MTF.
• • The signal-to-noise ratio of the system: measures the detection power of the system according to the signal level it receives. This measurement is done by measuring the SNR.
• • Distortion: allows for measuring the distortion of the image delivered by the camera in order to take it into account in the detection algorithms. This is measured using a checkerboard pattern.
• • Color rendering – colorimetry: the colorimetry is measured on a Rezchcker chart. The color differences of the colored areas of the target are measured, and the values  DeltaE₀₀ and  DeltaC₀₀ are calculated.

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Standards & regulations

To carry out the characterizations, PISEO experts rely on recognized test methods (international standards). We are also able to develop protocols and scripts in Python for carrying out specific tests. The list below presents a non-exhaustive list of standards controlled by our laboratory.

• ISO 12233: Electronic camera imaging — resolution and spatial frequency responses

• ISO 15739: Electronic camera imaging — noise measurements

• ISO 14524: Electronic cameras — methods of measurement of opto-electronic conversion functions

• ISO 7589: Photography — sensitometric illuminants — specifications for daylight, artificial light, and printer

Measurement and analysis equipment for cameras

PISEO’s test laboratory is equipped with all the equipment necessary to carry out the measurements mentioned above. The list below gives an overview:

• IMATEST v22.1 image-quality analysis software.

• Standard targets produced according to the ISO 12233 standard, or according to a specific protocol defined with our customer.

• IMATEST light sources with luminance uniformity greater than 90%, in the visible range (color temperature 3100K) and in the near IR (940 nm) for the backlighting of the test patterns.

• Collimators with 70° and 150° field-of-view angle, allowing measurements to be taken on staffs located at distances between 400 mm and infinity.

Camera monitor system & smart rear virtual mirror ( CMS & SRVM)

The CMS system (camera monitor system), also known as SRVM (smart rear virtual mirror), or even electronic mirror (e-mirror), generally consists of two cameras, display screens inside the cockpit, and an electronic control unit. It replaces traditional exterior mirrors to provide the driver with a better in-cabin view of the outside environment. The field of vision is wider, which improves visibility in poor weather or lighting conditions, and also helps to give safety alerts. Thanks to its lightness and streamlined shape, it also helps to reduce CO2 emissions and save energy.

The tests and characteristics measured on these systems are as follows:

• Magnifications: a measure of system magnification and aspect ratio.

• Sharpness and depth of field: determined by MTF measurement.

• Resolving power: the resolving power is measured by measuring MTF at several points in the field of view.

• Distortion: the geometric distortion measurement is performed on a checkerboard pattern.

• Contrasts: contrasts are measured in different camera illumination conditions (e.g., under glare) and different screen illumination conditions.

• Uniformity: directional uniformity and lateral uniformity are measured under daytime conditions with diffuse daylight.

• Artifacts: the analysis of the number of spots that appear on the screen when the camera is dazzled by an intense light source.

• Color rendering – colorimetry: the colorimetry is measured on a Rezchcker chart. The color differences of the colored areas of the target are measured, and the values ?E00 and ?C00 are calculated.

• Shades of gray: eight levels of gray are measured, and an analysis of their perception is carried out.

• Flicker: flicker measurement according to ISO 13406-2:2001.

• Latency time: measurement of the time between the appearance of a light signal in front of the camera, and its appearance on the system screen.

• Image formation time: the measurement of the image formation time is carried out according to the ISO 9241-305:2008 standard.

Standards and regulations

To carry out the characterizations, PISEO’s experts rely on recognized test methods (international standards). We are also able to develop protocols and scripts in Python for carrying out specific tests. The list below presents a non-exhaustive list of standards controlled by our laboratory:

Regulation No 46 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UNECE) — Uniform provisions relating to the approval of indirect vision systems and of motor vehicles with regard to the installation of such systems

ISO 16505: road vehicles — ergonomics and performance aspects of on-board cameras — requirements and test procedures

• ISO 15008: road vehicles — ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems — specifications and compliance procedures for in-vehicle visual presentation

• ISO 15008: road vehicles — ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems — specifications and procedures for visual presentation in the vehicle

• ISO 9241-305: ergonomics of human-system interaction — optical laboratory test methods for electronic display screens

• ISO 13406-2: ergonomic requirements for working on flat-panel display screens — ergonomic requirements for flat-panel displays

• ISO 12233: electronic camera imaging — resolution and spatial frequency responses

• ISO 14524: electronic cameras — methods of measurement of opto-electronic conversion functions

Measurement and analysis equipment for CMS systems

The PISEO test laboratory is equipped with all the equipment necessary to carry out the measurements mentioned above. The list below gives an overview:

• IMATEST v22.1 image-quality analysis software.

• Standard targets produced according to ISO 16505 or ISO 12233 standards, or according to a specific protocol defined with our customer.

• Multispectral lighting systems uniform in luminance and standard illuminants D55, D65. Direct lighting or backlighting.

• Westboro Photonics P1230U 12 Mpx video luminance meter, lenses, and Photometrika analysis software.

• Collimators with 70° and 150° field-of-view angle, allowing measurements to be taken on staffs located at distances between 400 mm and infinity.

• Agilent DSOX2004A-ATO-8966 70 MHz oscilloscope for latency measurement.

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It is important to know the optical characteristics of an AR, VR or MR system to properly develop the software application that will be associated with it to obtain maximum performance.

For a customer in the medical field, PISÉO has developed a test protocol to know the actual optical performance of the AR system selected in connection with its software application, with a view to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) certification for the American market. The measurements of the optical performance of these systems were carried out in the PISÉO test lab, in a controlled environment and with test equipment calibrated under ISO 17025 accreditation. They follow the recommendations given by the IEC 63145-20-20 standards and IDMS v1.1a.

AR for augmented reality makes it possible to superimpose digital content on the real world to introduce virtual objects and information. The user still sees the real environment, superimposed with this layer of digital content. The display takes place on a screen visible to the user, most often via augmented reality glasses or via a smartphone with a specific application offering AR capabilities.

Unlike AR, VR encompasses all the immersive experiences available via a VR headset or head-mounted display (HMD). The user is completely cut off from the real world, in a virtual environment visible through the VR headset.

Particularly used in the medical field to assist pre-operative teams, VR totally immerses the user into a 3D virtual environment via a VR headset. The user can thus turn their head 360° around themselves, move in space and interact with the virtual environment thanks to joysticks, for example.

VR is based on 3 pillars: interaction, immersion and the feeling of presence which work together to create a realistic virtual environment.

MR combines several technologies. An MR headset makes it possible to integrate virtual elements into the real world by allowing these elements to interact with the environment. The user is not cut off from the real world, they can see through the headset or mixed reality glasses.

This technology mixes AR and VR, which increases its potential compared to VR alone.

AR, VR or MR systems present themselves in different sectors. Some are connected to a PC and are controlled by a Windows MR type application, while others are autonomous. Still others use a smartphone with a dedicated application.

AR VR System performance testing protocols

Various performance tests are performed on these systems, but many of them are performed with protocols that are poorly defined or not defined at all. These measurements are frequently carried out with poorly controlled and uncontrolled experimental conditions. The lack of rigor when carrying out these measurements or checks can also distort their results. Under these conditions, it is difficult to compare the systems marketed objectively. With its long experience in optical system performance measurement and its ISO 17025 accreditation, PISÉO can develop protocols to test AR and VR systems.

Laboratory performance tests at PISÉO

At the request of a customer in the medical field, performance tests were carried out on Microsoft Hololens2 mixed reality glasses in the PISÉO laboratory. These tests were the subject of a prior analysis of the FDA specifications and the definition of a rigorous repeatable and reproducible protocol. The latter is based on specific internationally recognized test methods and the practice of PISÉO image quality measurement. The tests carried out focused on the following aspects:

• The measurement of the spatial resolution of the glasses by measuring the Michelson contrast on vertical and horizontal grid patterns according to the recommendations of the IEC 63145-20-20:2019 standard. These measurements were carried out in the dark and for several levels of ambient light illumination. The light levels were generated by a PISÉO laboratory illuminator and measured by a PISÉO laboratory device calibrated under ISO 17025 accreditation.

• Contrast measurement on a checkerboard pattern according to IEC 63145-20-20:2019, for several levels of ambient light.

• Measurement of luminance and luminance uniformity according to standard IEC 63145-20-20:2019.

• Geometric distortion measurement according to IEC 63145-20-20:2019.

• Spatial persistence measurement for which the protocol was established by PISÉO. Spatial persistence is the difference in the speed of movement between a real object perceived through the Hololens2 glasses, and a virtual object projected on the screen of the glasses. If the spatial persistence is too much, it can make the user of Hololens2 uncomfortable.

Given the display technology of the Hololens2 screen using the scanning of a laser beam, it was necessary to adapt the acquisition frequency of the measuring camera or Light Measuring Device (LMD) to the scanning frequency of the laser beam.

Each of the measurements presented above was carried out on each of the eyepieces of the Hololens2 glasses.

The alignment of the LMD matrix camera was carried out according to the recommendations described in the chapter dedicated to the tests on the Near Eye Display (NED) of the IDMS v1 standard 1a.

The laboratory measurements allowed the customer to qualify different parameters of the Hololens and thus ensure the performance of their VR system. Ultimately, the tests carried out by PISÉO enabled the client to obtain FDA certification to sell its application on the American market.

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Also, European regulations provide provisions to protect people from the risks of potentially dangerous radiation.

In the professional field, employers must respect the legislation and implement means to protect employees against this potentially harmful exposure. To do this, they must first assess the optical risks related to working conditions based on the regulations and international standards in force and on the advice of experts in the field.

Regulations and standards concerning optical risk

In order to protect individuals, the Council of the European Union and the Parliament have adopted directives and regulations with which products and devices incorporating UV sources and their use must comply. These directives refer to so-called harmonized standards enabling compliance with this regulation. Finally, the scientific community has written publications to specify the UV systems in line with their application.

The European regulatory and normative system concerning worker exposure to UV risk can be summarized in the diagram below.

In France, the labor code and decree also regulate worker exposure to UV risks. The exposure limits and UV risk assessment methods are also described in the standards. The assessment of the UV risk for workers on an illumination system, for example, is therefore mandatory.

On-site optical risk assessment

Thanks to their skills and mobile radiometric test equipment, PISÉO experts can carry out on-site optical risk assessments in order to report on employee exposure to artificial optical radiation and allow employers to take appropriate measures to prevent these risks. Indeed, PISÉO experts take part in the standardization work of AFNOR and IEC on optical safety within the framework of the UF76 and TC76 committees and carry out radiometric measurements using the spectroradiometers of their laboratory accredited to ISO 17025 by the COFRAC (scope available on www.cofrac.fr).

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Measurements in an integrating sphere allow the characterization of the photometric and colorimetric performances of a light source or a light system.

Based on a radiometric measurement using a spectroradiometer, this characterization is carried out under COFRAC accreditation (scope available on www.cofrac.fr.) under controlled test conditions, in accordance with internationally recognized standards: NF EN 13032-1, NF EN 13032-4, CIE S025 and LM-79.

Through these measures, we can provide you with accredited reports containing the following characteristics:

• Luminous flux (lumens)
• Light emission spectrum (wavelength from 300nm to 1100nm)
• Color data: color coordinates (x, y), color temperature (CCT), color rendering index (CRI), Ra, 14 color CRI, TM-30 (Rg, Rf)
• Total electrical power consumed (W)
• Luminous efficacy (lumens / W)
• Power factor
• Energy efficiency class *
• Harmonic distortion rate *Flux lumineux (lumens)

* services provided without accreditation

Colorimetry measurement equipment

• Integrating spheres Instrument Systems 2m and GL Optic 50cm
• Spectroradiometers Instrument Systems CAS 120 and 140CT (360-830nm), CAS140D (300nm-1100nm)
• Yokogawa WT 3000 power meter
• DC and AC stabilized power supplies
• Temperature regulated device (cool plate) for measuring the performance of LED packages under different electrical and thermal operating conditions (Tj control)

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However, these rays are dangerous for the human body and can deteriorate materials. It is therefore necessary to have a good understanding of UV radiation by carrying out measurements on the light sources and devices that integrate them.

UV measurements

Radiometric measurements carried out in a reliable and impartial manner thus make it possible to know precisely the radiation emitted and to determine the performance of devices operating in the UV.

In this context, the PISEO lab offers the following radiometric measurements and analyzes:

– measurement of the UV-A, UV-B and UV-C spectrum

– irradiance measurement (Wopt / cm2) on a surface at a given distance of 250nm to 380nm

– mapping of irradiance on a surface at different distances

– calculation of energy doses (J / cm2) at a given distance and time

Equipments :

– UV-C power probe and optometer Gigahertz optik (UV-3726-4 / X1-1 V-02): 250nm-290nm

– CAS 140D Instrument System spectroradiometer: 300nm-1100nm

– OST 300 Everfine radiometric bench: 200nm-1600nm

“UV-C LEDs at the time of Covid-19”

Following the exceptional crisis linked to the appearance of Covid-19 (Coronavirus), disinfection to fight contagion has become a real subject. Moreover, UV-C radiation can destroy this virus, just like other coronaviruses.

Thus, PISEO has published a report providing a complete description of the UV-C LED technology, its implementation in systems, market and much more.

PISEO experts present in particular:

– an analysis of the offer of UV-C LED manufacturers,

– the performance and price evolution prospects of these light sources,

-the methodology to be followed to design and qualify efficient disinfection devices,

-a deep analysis of the applicable regulations,

-an analysis of the application needs expressed in terms of doses to be applied according to the microorganisms to be destroyed.

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It can cause visual discomfort for users, or even more severe disorders (epileptic seizures) for the most sensitive subjects.

It is dependent on the variation of the power supply, voluntary or involuntary. When unintentional, this variation is indicative of poor product design. Likewise, the strobe effect is an optical phenomenon that occurs when objects are in motion and illuminated by a light source that fluctuates at a certain frequency. It can thus give the impression that a part is stationary as it moves. It can therefore be dangerous in certain situations.

Devices incorporating LED-type light sources, which are extremely reactive, can thus quite easily exhibit undesirable visual effects such as optical flicker (flicker) or strobe effect.

These optical effects can be quantified using internationally recognized test methods (standards). It is thus possible to check the quality of the electrical power supplies and to compare the test results between the products (benchmarking) tested or with the limits of the regulations.

Also, European regulations on the eco-design of lighting devices take these parameters into account by specifying characteristics to be measured (Pst LM, SVM). It imposes, in fact, limits which must not be exceeded for each of these characteristics.

From September 2021, lighting devices (lamps, LED modules and lights) will therefore have to comply with these limits described in the new 2019/2020 regulation of the European Commission also called Single Lighting Regulation (SLR)

The PISÉO laboratory is able to carry out flicker tests according to IEC TR 61547 (Pst LM – flickering) and IEC TR 63158 (SVM – stroboscopic effect).

A real enhancement tool for our customers, the ISO-17025 accreditation delivered by COFRAC (scope available on www.cofrac.fr) demonstrates the seriousness, quality and impartiality of the test results carried out in our laboratory.

Optical flicker and strobe effect measuring equipments

Bi Tec Sensor Lightmeter Gigahertz Optik and controlled Chroma Power Supply

Characteristics :

• Illumination measurement and colorimetry
• Flicker measurement (Flicker Index, Percentage flicker & Pst LM)
• Strobe effect measurement
• Spectral measurement technology adapted to the light emitted by LEDs
• Fast photodiode for synchronisation to the measurement of pulse width modulated light and flicker
• Control of the power supply according to IEC TR 61547-1 ed.2

To learn more about the effect of flickering, flickering or flickering, we invite you to read our analysis on the optical flicker of Led lamps on the market.

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